Homefront: The Revolution is a first-person shooter video game developed by Dambuster Studios. The game was published by Deep Silver for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in May 2016. It is a re-imagining of the premise of Homefront.[4] Homefront: The Revolution takes place in 2029 in an alternate timeline, following the protagonist Ethan Brady as he joins a resistance movement against the army of a North Korean occupation in the city of Philadelphia.
Homefront: The Revolution received mixed reviews upon release, with critics mostly praising the open world and weapon customization system, while criticizing the narrative, characters, and gunplay, as well as the technical issues for hampering the overall experience.
Homefront: The Revolution is a first-person shooter game set in an open world environment with many districts to explore.[5] The player can scavenge for supplies to modify weapons and equipment.[6] The Korean People’s Army (KPA) weapons are all fingerprint-locked and as such they have a sizeable advantage over the resistance. There are side missions where the player will be called off to carry out tasks like assassinating a high-ranking KPA general or steal a KPA drone.[7] Another new feature introduced is the enhanced ability to modify weapons such as adding a fore-grip or a sight in the middle of a firefight or to convert a rifle to a Light Machine Gun and vice versa.[8]
Unlike the first Homefront, which features a competitive multiplayer mode,[13] The Revolution features a four-player cooperative multiplayer mode. This mode, known as the “Resistance” mode,[14] is separated from the main campaign and has its own characters, progression, classes and perks.[15]
Homefront: The Revolution is not a continuation of the original Homefront, but rather a re-imagining of the premise. The story takes place in an alternate history setting in which the digital revolution of the 1970s took place in North Korea’s “Silicon River” (Ryesong River) rather than the “Silicon Valley” of Northern California. In 1977, North Korea’s communist government falls out of favor after a series of devastating floods and Kim Il Sung resigns from office and is replaced with a more moderate Premier, Lee Dong-won. As a result, the now capitalist nation of North Korea has become the most powerful and influential nation on Earth, controlled by the APEX Corporation and led by a Steve Jobs-like figure named Joe Tae-Se. The United States, meanwhile, after years of multiple conflicts in the Middle East under Presidents George W. Bush and John McCain, is a pariah state amongst the international community as well as suffering from massive war debt from purchasing weapons technology from APEX and is in severe economic conditions. In 2025, the United States’ economy collapses, forcing the US to default on their debt to North Korea. Joe Tae-Se’s son, APEX CEO and North Korean Premier John Tae-Se, with the approval of the international community, uses this as a pretext to invade and occupy the country, using a backdoor installed in all APEX technology to shut down the United States military. Although initially presented as an international humanitarian effort to restore stability to the United States after the economic collapse, the Koreans proceed to strip mine the country for its natural resources to repay the debt, and brutalize the populace in response to a national resistance movement against the occupation. The game takes place in Philadelphia in 2029, four years into the occupation. The new Philadelphia is a heavily policed and oppressed environment, with civilians living in fear as the Korean People’s Army patrol multiple districts in the city, aided by American collaborators led by Mayor Simpson.[16]
The game follows Ethan Brady, a new Resistance member whose cell is expecting a visit from Benjamin Walker, “The Voice of Freedom” and leader of the national resistance against the KPA occupation. Brady’s cell is attacked in a KPA raid, and every member of the cell except for Brady are tortured to death by the KPA. Walker arrives, saving Brady and killing the KPA, but is wounded in the fight. Brady leaves to make contact with another Resistance cell, but while he’s gone the KPA raid Walker’s safehouse and capture him. Brady attempts to rendezvous with the new cell, but is mistaken for a Korean spy, beaten unconscious, and nearly tortured by the Resistance, being saved at the last moment when his identity is established. Brady joins the new Resistance cell led by Jack Parrish, whose field commander is volatile, ruthless former criminal Dana Moore. Two other key figures in the cell are Dr. Sam Burnett, a pacifist medical doctor who believes in nonviolent resistance but works with the Resistance anyway in order to treat the victims of the KPA’s brutality, and James Crawford, a Resistance spy operating within the KPA ranks as an American collaborator. The Resistance’s primary focus is finding Ben Walker and rescuing him.
Brady is sent to work for Ned Sharpe, the Resistance’s armorer. However, the armory is raided by KPA forces, during which Ned is killed and the Resistance’s weapons stockpile destroyed by a Goliath robot. Brady succeeds in destroying the Goliath and stealing its robot brain, and Parrish comes up with a plan to reprogram the brain and use it to take control of a Goliath, with which the Resistance can break into Independence Hall where Walker is being put on trial by the KPA. Resistance technician Heather Cortez successfully reprograms the robot brain, while Parrish and Brady steal a Goliath from the KPA. However, the Goliath is sabotaged by a mole within the Resistance, ruining the plan to break into Independence Hall.
Crawford comes up with an alternate plan, in which he will pretend to capture Brady so he will be taken inside Independence Hall for the trial, at which point Brady can break free with Crawford’s help and disable the Hall’s defenses from inside. The plan seems to work, and the Resistance storms into Independence Hall, only to discover there is no trial occurring and the courtroom is actually a sealed trap. Mayor Simpson appears on a video projector to show that Crawford has betrayed the Resistance, and also that the KPA have mentally broken Ben Walker, who gives a national speech calling for the Resistance to surrender. The Resistance manages to escape the trap thanks to Heather storming the Hall with the repaired Goliath, but in the resulting fight Heather is killed and the Goliath is destroyed. The KPA proceeds to launch retaliatory strikes against all Resistance outposts in Philadelphia, resulting in the Resistance’s near collapse.
Although initially heavily demoralized, Parrish and Moore come up with a final last-ditch plan to storm City Hall and capture Mayor Simpson so he can be forced to read a message denouncing the KPA occupation on national TV, just like Walker was forced to denounce the Resistance. Moore sends Brady to release the criminals and killers from the KPA’s prison zone to help provide the firepower needed to storm City Hall. The attack on City Hall succeeds, however Mayor Simpson refuses to read the message given to him, stating that the KPA will kill everyone in Philadelphia with nerve gas if they feel they are losing control of the city, claiming that they have secretly already done so with Boston and Pittsburgh. Moore loses control and executes Simpson on live TV in retaliation for Simpson’s sexual abuse of her while she was his prisoner. In desperation, Parrish gives a speech urging the American people to rise up against the KPA. Despite lacking Ben Walker’s eloquence, Parrish’s heartfelt speech succeeds in spurring the people of Philadelphia to rebel.
Parrish, Moore, and Brady celebrate their success, but are interrupted by a disgusted Dr. Burnett, who informs them that the KPA are gassing the city, just as Mayor Simpson warned would happen. Feeling that violence has only provoked mass murder, Burnett abandons the Resistance and goes to try to help evacuate the city. Parrish, Moore, and Brady attempt to use the Resistance’s captured Surface-to-Air missile launchers to shoot down the airships deploying the nerve gas, only to find that the airships are protected by a swarm of automated drones. Parrish and Brady go to confront Crawford, hoping he knows how to shut down the drone defenses. A frightened Crawford claims the KPA discovered his status as a double agent and forced him to betray the Resistance, and tells Parrish how to shut down the drones in exchange for protection. A disgusted Parrish instead abandons Crawford, leaving it up to Brady to decide whether to spare the traitor or execute him.
With only a few minutes left until the airships gas the city, Parrish, Moore, and Brady storm Independence Hall where the drone control station is located, only to be stopped by a Goliath. Parrish is shot several times, while Moore grabs an explosive pack and sacrifices herself in order to suicide bomb the Goliath and destroy it. An injured Brady makes a final push to the drone control station, but is overpowered and nearly choked unconscious by a KPA officer before he can deactivate the drones. However, Parrish overcomes his injuries long enough to arrive to kill the KPA officer and save Brady, who sends the signal to shut down the drones. This allows the Resistance to shoot down the KPA airships before they can gas most of the city. Brady helps support the wounded Parrish as the two of them walk outside to watch the airships being shot down, with Parrish declaring that the revolution has begun.
The game’s storyline is continued in its 3 DLC campaigns, The Voice of Freedom, Aftermath, and Beyond the Walls. The Voice of Freedom is a prelude to the main game, showing Ben Walker’s infiltration into Philadelphia, during which he fights through KPA forces as well a local gang of criminals, eventually arriving at the safehouse to save Ethan Brady from the KPA. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ufQUjBWJewdxsAWVoOayPca7MXIcbeZv/view
68cf12514e makaade
The U.S. Congress created the Second Bank of the United States in 1816. A year later, the Bank opened a banch in Baltimore, Maryland, where it carried out all the normal operations of a bank. Its legitimacy was based solely on the applicability of the U.S. Constitution to Maryland. In 1818, however, the Maryland legislature voted to impose a tax on all banks within the state that were not chartered by the legislature. The Second Bank of the United States refused to comply with the law, resulting in a lawsuit against its head, James William McCulloch. The state successfully argued on appeal to the state appellate court that the Second Bank was unconstitutional because the Consititution did not provide a textual commitment for the federal government to charter a bank.
In this unanimous decision, Marshall observed that the Second Bank was no different from the First Bank of the United States, of which the constitutionality had not been challenged. Echoing the decision in Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, he also noted that the people rather than the states were responsible for ratifying the U.S. Constitution and thus taking away a measure of sovereignty from the states. He did not find it necessary to establish a textual basis in the Constitution that specifically addressed banks.The most notable section of Marshall’s opinion concerned the Necessary and Proper Clause. He rejected the state’s argument that this clause was confined to authorizing only laws that were absolutely essential to carrying out its enumerated powers. Marshall felt that a broader interpretation was warranted, since the clause was not placed among the limitations on Congressional authority and thus should be viewed as an expansion on its authority. As a result, he redefined the meaning of “necessary” as something closer to “appropriate and legitimate,” covering all methods for furthering the objectives covered by the enumerated powers. Moreover, Marshall struck down the tax as applied to the Second Bank as unconstitutional.
Later commentators have continued to challenge the logic in Marshall’s opinion, some of them suggesting that it infringes on the Tenth Amendment. However, it remains valid to the current day, and his view that the federal government derives sovereignty from the people rather than the states has been widely accepted. The decision has been influential in nations that have similar legal systems, such as Australia.
If the end be legitimate, and within the scope of theConstitution, all the means which are appropriate, which areplainly adapted to that end, and which are not prohibited, mayconstitutionally be employed to carry it into effect.
The power of establishing a corporation is not a distinctsovereign power or end of Government, but only the means ofcarrying into effect other powers which are sovereign. Whenever itbecomes an appropriate means of exercising any of the powers givenby the Constitution to the Government of the Union, it may beexercised by that Government.
If a certain means to carry into effect of any of the powersexpressly given by the Constitution to the Government of the Unionbe an appropriate measure, not prohibited by the Constitution, thedegree of its necessity is a question of legislative discretion,not of judicial cognizance.
The States have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard,impede, burthen, or in any manner control the operations of theconstitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into effect thepowers vested in the national Government.
This principle does not extend to a tax paid by the realproperty of the Bank of the United States in common with the otherreal property in a particular state, nor to a tax imposed on theproprietary interest which the citizens of that State may hold inthis institution, in common with other property of the samedescription throughout the State.
This was an action of debt, brought by the defendant in error,John James, who sued as well for himself as for the State ofMaryland, in the County Court of Baltimore County, in the saidState, against the plaintiff in error, McCulloch, to recovercertain penalties, under the act of the Legislature of Marylandhereafter mentioned. Judgment being rendered against the plaintiffin error, upon the following statement of facts agreed andsubmitted to the court by the parties, was affirmed by the Court ofAppeals of the State of Maryland, the highest court of law of saidState, and the cause was brought by writ of error to thisCourt.
It is admitted by the parties in this cause, by their counsel,that there was passed, on the 10th day of April, 1816, by theCongress of the United States, an act entitled, “an act toincorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States;” andthat there was passed on the 11th day of February, 1818, by theGeneral Assembly of Maryland, an act, entitled, “an act to impose atax on all banks, or branches thereof, in the State of Maryland,not chartered by the legislature,”
which said acts are made part of this Statement, and it isagreed, may be read from the statute books in which they arerespectively printed. It is further admitted that the President,directors and company of the Bank of the United States,incorporated by the act of Congress aforesaid, did organizethemselves, and go into full operation, in the City ofPhiladelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, in pursuance of thesaid act, and that they did on the ___ day of _____ 1817, establisha branch of the said bank, or an office of discount and deposit, inthe City of Baltimore, in the State of Maryland, which has, fromthat time until the first day of May 1818, ever since transactedand carried on business as a bank, or office of discount anddeposit, and as a branch of the said Bank of the United States, byissuing bank notes and discounting promissory notes, and performingother operations usual and customary for banks to do and perform,under the authority and by the direction of the said President,directors and company of the Bank of the United States, establishedat Philadelphia as aforesaid. It is further admitted that the saidPresident, directors and company of the said bank had no authorityto establish the said branch, or office of discount and deposit, atthe City of Baltimore, from the State of Maryland, otherwise thanthe said State having adopted the Constitution of the United Statesand composing one of the States of the Union. It is furtheradmitted that James William McCulloch, the defendant below, beingthe cashier of the said branch, or office of discount and
deposit did, on the several days set forth in the declaration inthis cause, issue the said respective bank notes therein described,from the said branch or office, to a certain George Williams, inthe City of Baltimore, in part payment of a promissory note of thesaid Williams, discounted by the said branch or office, which saidrespective bank notes were not, nor was either of them, so issuedon stamped paper in the manner prescribed by the act of assemblyaforesaid. It is further admitted that the said President,directors and company of the Bank of the United States, and thesaid branch, or office of discount and deposit have not, nor haseither of them, paid in advance, or otherwise, the sum of $15,000,to the Treasurer of the Western Shore, for the use of the State ofMaryland, before the issuing of the said notes, or any of them, norsince those periods. And it is further admitted that the Treasurerof the Western Shore of Maryland, under the direction of theGovernor and Council of the said State, was ready, and offered todeliver to the said President, directors and company of the saidbank, and to the said branch, or office of discount and deposit,stamped paper of the kind and denomination required and describedin the said act of assembly.
The question submitted to the Court for their decision in thiscase is as to the validity of the said act of the General Assemblyof Maryland on the ground of its being repugnant to theConstitution of the United States and the act of Congressaforesaid, or to one of them. Upon the foregoing statement of factsand the pleadings in this cause (all errors in
which are hereby agreed to be mutually released), if the Courtshould be of opinion that the plaintiffs are entitled to recover,then judgment, it is agreed, shall be entered for the plaintiffsfor $2,500 and costs of suit. B ut if the Court should be ofopinion that the plaintiffs are not entitled to recover upon thestatement and pleadings aforesaid, then judgment of nonpros shall be entered, with costs to the defendant.
It is agreed that either party may appeal from the decision ofthe County Court to the Court of Appeals, and from the decision ofthe Court of Appeals to the Supreme Court of the United States,according to the modes and usages of law, and have the same benefitof this statement of facts in the same manner as could be had if ajury had been sworn and impanneled in this cause and a specialverdict had been found, or these facts had appeared and been statedin an exception taken to the opinion of the Court, and the Court’sdirection to the jury thereon.
deposit, or office of pay and receipt in any part of this State,it shall not be lawful for the said branch, office of discount anddeposit, or office of pay and receipt to issue notes, in anymanner, of any other denomination than five, ten, twenty, fifty,one hundred, five hundred and one thousand dollars, and no noteshall be issued except upon stamped paper of the followingdenominations; that is to say, every five dollar note shall be upona stamp of ten cents; every ten dollar note, upon a stamp of twentycents; every twenty dollar note, upon a stamp of thirty cents;every fifty dollar note, upon a stamp of fifty cents; every onehundred dollar note, upon a stamp of one dollar; every five hundreddollar note, upon a stamp of ten dollars; and every thousand dollarnote, upon a stamp of twenty dollars; which paper shall befurnished by the Treasurer of the Western Shore, under thedirection of the Governor and Council, to be paid for upondelivery; provided always that any institution of the abovedescription may relieve itself from the operation of the provisionsaforesaid by paying annually, in advance, to the Treasurer of theWestern Shore, for the use of State, the sum of $15,000.” https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PSC1DvlBlcn2Sh9hwOrU29L3MiFkQrcv/view
68cf12514e orvwes
makaade
January 16, 2026 @ 8:41 am
Homefront: The Revolution is a first-person shooter video game developed by Dambuster Studios. The game was published by Deep Silver for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in May 2016. It is a re-imagining of the premise of Homefront.[4] Homefront: The Revolution takes place in 2029 in an alternate timeline, following the protagonist Ethan Brady as he joins a resistance movement against the army of a North Korean occupation in the city of Philadelphia.
Homefront: The Revolution received mixed reviews upon release, with critics mostly praising the open world and weapon customization system, while criticizing the narrative, characters, and gunplay, as well as the technical issues for hampering the overall experience.
Homefront: The Revolution is a first-person shooter game set in an open world environment with many districts to explore.[5] The player can scavenge for supplies to modify weapons and equipment.[6] The Korean People’s Army (KPA) weapons are all fingerprint-locked and as such they have a sizeable advantage over the resistance. There are side missions where the player will be called off to carry out tasks like assassinating a high-ranking KPA general or steal a KPA drone.[7] Another new feature introduced is the enhanced ability to modify weapons such as adding a fore-grip or a sight in the middle of a firefight or to convert a rifle to a Light Machine Gun and vice versa.[8]
Unlike the first Homefront, which features a competitive multiplayer mode,[13] The Revolution features a four-player cooperative multiplayer mode. This mode, known as the “Resistance” mode,[14] is separated from the main campaign and has its own characters, progression, classes and perks.[15]
Homefront: The Revolution is not a continuation of the original Homefront, but rather a re-imagining of the premise. The story takes place in an alternate history setting in which the digital revolution of the 1970s took place in North Korea’s “Silicon River” (Ryesong River) rather than the “Silicon Valley” of Northern California. In 1977, North Korea’s communist government falls out of favor after a series of devastating floods and Kim Il Sung resigns from office and is replaced with a more moderate Premier, Lee Dong-won. As a result, the now capitalist nation of North Korea has become the most powerful and influential nation on Earth, controlled by the APEX Corporation and led by a Steve Jobs-like figure named Joe Tae-Se. The United States, meanwhile, after years of multiple conflicts in the Middle East under Presidents George W. Bush and John McCain, is a pariah state amongst the international community as well as suffering from massive war debt from purchasing weapons technology from APEX and is in severe economic conditions. In 2025, the United States’ economy collapses, forcing the US to default on their debt to North Korea. Joe Tae-Se’s son, APEX CEO and North Korean Premier John Tae-Se, with the approval of the international community, uses this as a pretext to invade and occupy the country, using a backdoor installed in all APEX technology to shut down the United States military. Although initially presented as an international humanitarian effort to restore stability to the United States after the economic collapse, the Koreans proceed to strip mine the country for its natural resources to repay the debt, and brutalize the populace in response to a national resistance movement against the occupation. The game takes place in Philadelphia in 2029, four years into the occupation. The new Philadelphia is a heavily policed and oppressed environment, with civilians living in fear as the Korean People’s Army patrol multiple districts in the city, aided by American collaborators led by Mayor Simpson.[16]
The game follows Ethan Brady, a new Resistance member whose cell is expecting a visit from Benjamin Walker, “The Voice of Freedom” and leader of the national resistance against the KPA occupation. Brady’s cell is attacked in a KPA raid, and every member of the cell except for Brady are tortured to death by the KPA. Walker arrives, saving Brady and killing the KPA, but is wounded in the fight. Brady leaves to make contact with another Resistance cell, but while he’s gone the KPA raid Walker’s safehouse and capture him. Brady attempts to rendezvous with the new cell, but is mistaken for a Korean spy, beaten unconscious, and nearly tortured by the Resistance, being saved at the last moment when his identity is established. Brady joins the new Resistance cell led by Jack Parrish, whose field commander is volatile, ruthless former criminal Dana Moore. Two other key figures in the cell are Dr. Sam Burnett, a pacifist medical doctor who believes in nonviolent resistance but works with the Resistance anyway in order to treat the victims of the KPA’s brutality, and James Crawford, a Resistance spy operating within the KPA ranks as an American collaborator. The Resistance’s primary focus is finding Ben Walker and rescuing him.
Brady is sent to work for Ned Sharpe, the Resistance’s armorer. However, the armory is raided by KPA forces, during which Ned is killed and the Resistance’s weapons stockpile destroyed by a Goliath robot. Brady succeeds in destroying the Goliath and stealing its robot brain, and Parrish comes up with a plan to reprogram the brain and use it to take control of a Goliath, with which the Resistance can break into Independence Hall where Walker is being put on trial by the KPA. Resistance technician Heather Cortez successfully reprograms the robot brain, while Parrish and Brady steal a Goliath from the KPA. However, the Goliath is sabotaged by a mole within the Resistance, ruining the plan to break into Independence Hall.
Crawford comes up with an alternate plan, in which he will pretend to capture Brady so he will be taken inside Independence Hall for the trial, at which point Brady can break free with Crawford’s help and disable the Hall’s defenses from inside. The plan seems to work, and the Resistance storms into Independence Hall, only to discover there is no trial occurring and the courtroom is actually a sealed trap. Mayor Simpson appears on a video projector to show that Crawford has betrayed the Resistance, and also that the KPA have mentally broken Ben Walker, who gives a national speech calling for the Resistance to surrender. The Resistance manages to escape the trap thanks to Heather storming the Hall with the repaired Goliath, but in the resulting fight Heather is killed and the Goliath is destroyed. The KPA proceeds to launch retaliatory strikes against all Resistance outposts in Philadelphia, resulting in the Resistance’s near collapse.
Although initially heavily demoralized, Parrish and Moore come up with a final last-ditch plan to storm City Hall and capture Mayor Simpson so he can be forced to read a message denouncing the KPA occupation on national TV, just like Walker was forced to denounce the Resistance. Moore sends Brady to release the criminals and killers from the KPA’s prison zone to help provide the firepower needed to storm City Hall. The attack on City Hall succeeds, however Mayor Simpson refuses to read the message given to him, stating that the KPA will kill everyone in Philadelphia with nerve gas if they feel they are losing control of the city, claiming that they have secretly already done so with Boston and Pittsburgh. Moore loses control and executes Simpson on live TV in retaliation for Simpson’s sexual abuse of her while she was his prisoner. In desperation, Parrish gives a speech urging the American people to rise up against the KPA. Despite lacking Ben Walker’s eloquence, Parrish’s heartfelt speech succeeds in spurring the people of Philadelphia to rebel.
Parrish, Moore, and Brady celebrate their success, but are interrupted by a disgusted Dr. Burnett, who informs them that the KPA are gassing the city, just as Mayor Simpson warned would happen. Feeling that violence has only provoked mass murder, Burnett abandons the Resistance and goes to try to help evacuate the city. Parrish, Moore, and Brady attempt to use the Resistance’s captured Surface-to-Air missile launchers to shoot down the airships deploying the nerve gas, only to find that the airships are protected by a swarm of automated drones. Parrish and Brady go to confront Crawford, hoping he knows how to shut down the drone defenses. A frightened Crawford claims the KPA discovered his status as a double agent and forced him to betray the Resistance, and tells Parrish how to shut down the drones in exchange for protection. A disgusted Parrish instead abandons Crawford, leaving it up to Brady to decide whether to spare the traitor or execute him.
With only a few minutes left until the airships gas the city, Parrish, Moore, and Brady storm Independence Hall where the drone control station is located, only to be stopped by a Goliath. Parrish is shot several times, while Moore grabs an explosive pack and sacrifices herself in order to suicide bomb the Goliath and destroy it. An injured Brady makes a final push to the drone control station, but is overpowered and nearly choked unconscious by a KPA officer before he can deactivate the drones. However, Parrish overcomes his injuries long enough to arrive to kill the KPA officer and save Brady, who sends the signal to shut down the drones. This allows the Resistance to shoot down the KPA airships before they can gas most of the city. Brady helps support the wounded Parrish as the two of them walk outside to watch the airships being shot down, with Parrish declaring that the revolution has begun.
The game’s storyline is continued in its 3 DLC campaigns, The Voice of Freedom, Aftermath, and Beyond the Walls. The Voice of Freedom is a prelude to the main game, showing Ben Walker’s infiltration into Philadelphia, during which he fights through KPA forces as well a local gang of criminals, eventually arriving at the safehouse to save Ethan Brady from the KPA. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ufQUjBWJewdxsAWVoOayPca7MXIcbeZv/view
68cf12514e makaade
orvwes
January 16, 2026 @ 9:18 am
The U.S. Congress created the Second Bank of the United States in 1816. A year later, the Bank opened a banch in Baltimore, Maryland, where it carried out all the normal operations of a bank. Its legitimacy was based solely on the applicability of the U.S. Constitution to Maryland. In 1818, however, the Maryland legislature voted to impose a tax on all banks within the state that were not chartered by the legislature. The Second Bank of the United States refused to comply with the law, resulting in a lawsuit against its head, James William McCulloch. The state successfully argued on appeal to the state appellate court that the Second Bank was unconstitutional because the Consititution did not provide a textual commitment for the federal government to charter a bank.
In this unanimous decision, Marshall observed that the Second Bank was no different from the First Bank of the United States, of which the constitutionality had not been challenged. Echoing the decision in Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, he also noted that the people rather than the states were responsible for ratifying the U.S. Constitution and thus taking away a measure of sovereignty from the states. He did not find it necessary to establish a textual basis in the Constitution that specifically addressed banks.The most notable section of Marshall’s opinion concerned the Necessary and Proper Clause. He rejected the state’s argument that this clause was confined to authorizing only laws that were absolutely essential to carrying out its enumerated powers. Marshall felt that a broader interpretation was warranted, since the clause was not placed among the limitations on Congressional authority and thus should be viewed as an expansion on its authority. As a result, he redefined the meaning of “necessary” as something closer to “appropriate and legitimate,” covering all methods for furthering the objectives covered by the enumerated powers. Moreover, Marshall struck down the tax as applied to the Second Bank as unconstitutional.
Later commentators have continued to challenge the logic in Marshall’s opinion, some of them suggesting that it infringes on the Tenth Amendment. However, it remains valid to the current day, and his view that the federal government derives sovereignty from the people rather than the states has been widely accepted. The decision has been influential in nations that have similar legal systems, such as Australia.
If the end be legitimate, and within the scope of theConstitution, all the means which are appropriate, which areplainly adapted to that end, and which are not prohibited, mayconstitutionally be employed to carry it into effect.
The power of establishing a corporation is not a distinctsovereign power or end of Government, but only the means ofcarrying into effect other powers which are sovereign. Whenever itbecomes an appropriate means of exercising any of the powers givenby the Constitution to the Government of the Union, it may beexercised by that Government.
If a certain means to carry into effect of any of the powersexpressly given by the Constitution to the Government of the Unionbe an appropriate measure, not prohibited by the Constitution, thedegree of its necessity is a question of legislative discretion,not of judicial cognizance.
The States have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard,impede, burthen, or in any manner control the operations of theconstitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into effect thepowers vested in the national Government.
This principle does not extend to a tax paid by the realproperty of the Bank of the United States in common with the otherreal property in a particular state, nor to a tax imposed on theproprietary interest which the citizens of that State may hold inthis institution, in common with other property of the samedescription throughout the State.
This was an action of debt, brought by the defendant in error,John James, who sued as well for himself as for the State ofMaryland, in the County Court of Baltimore County, in the saidState, against the plaintiff in error, McCulloch, to recovercertain penalties, under the act of the Legislature of Marylandhereafter mentioned. Judgment being rendered against the plaintiffin error, upon the following statement of facts agreed andsubmitted to the court by the parties, was affirmed by the Court ofAppeals of the State of Maryland, the highest court of law of saidState, and the cause was brought by writ of error to thisCourt.
It is admitted by the parties in this cause, by their counsel,that there was passed, on the 10th day of April, 1816, by theCongress of the United States, an act entitled, “an act toincorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States;” andthat there was passed on the 11th day of February, 1818, by theGeneral Assembly of Maryland, an act, entitled, “an act to impose atax on all banks, or branches thereof, in the State of Maryland,not chartered by the legislature,”
which said acts are made part of this Statement, and it isagreed, may be read from the statute books in which they arerespectively printed. It is further admitted that the President,directors and company of the Bank of the United States,incorporated by the act of Congress aforesaid, did organizethemselves, and go into full operation, in the City ofPhiladelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, in pursuance of thesaid act, and that they did on the ___ day of _____ 1817, establisha branch of the said bank, or an office of discount and deposit, inthe City of Baltimore, in the State of Maryland, which has, fromthat time until the first day of May 1818, ever since transactedand carried on business as a bank, or office of discount anddeposit, and as a branch of the said Bank of the United States, byissuing bank notes and discounting promissory notes, and performingother operations usual and customary for banks to do and perform,under the authority and by the direction of the said President,directors and company of the Bank of the United States, establishedat Philadelphia as aforesaid. It is further admitted that the saidPresident, directors and company of the said bank had no authorityto establish the said branch, or office of discount and deposit, atthe City of Baltimore, from the State of Maryland, otherwise thanthe said State having adopted the Constitution of the United Statesand composing one of the States of the Union. It is furtheradmitted that James William McCulloch, the defendant below, beingthe cashier of the said branch, or office of discount and
deposit did, on the several days set forth in the declaration inthis cause, issue the said respective bank notes therein described,from the said branch or office, to a certain George Williams, inthe City of Baltimore, in part payment of a promissory note of thesaid Williams, discounted by the said branch or office, which saidrespective bank notes were not, nor was either of them, so issuedon stamped paper in the manner prescribed by the act of assemblyaforesaid. It is further admitted that the said President,directors and company of the Bank of the United States, and thesaid branch, or office of discount and deposit have not, nor haseither of them, paid in advance, or otherwise, the sum of $15,000,to the Treasurer of the Western Shore, for the use of the State ofMaryland, before the issuing of the said notes, or any of them, norsince those periods. And it is further admitted that the Treasurerof the Western Shore of Maryland, under the direction of theGovernor and Council of the said State, was ready, and offered todeliver to the said President, directors and company of the saidbank, and to the said branch, or office of discount and deposit,stamped paper of the kind and denomination required and describedin the said act of assembly.
The question submitted to the Court for their decision in thiscase is as to the validity of the said act of the General Assemblyof Maryland on the ground of its being repugnant to theConstitution of the United States and the act of Congressaforesaid, or to one of them. Upon the foregoing statement of factsand the pleadings in this cause (all errors in
which are hereby agreed to be mutually released), if the Courtshould be of opinion that the plaintiffs are entitled to recover,then judgment, it is agreed, shall be entered for the plaintiffsfor $2,500 and costs of suit. B ut if the Court should be ofopinion that the plaintiffs are not entitled to recover upon thestatement and pleadings aforesaid, then judgment of nonpros shall be entered, with costs to the defendant.
It is agreed that either party may appeal from the decision ofthe County Court to the Court of Appeals, and from the decision ofthe Court of Appeals to the Supreme Court of the United States,according to the modes and usages of law, and have the same benefitof this statement of facts in the same manner as could be had if ajury had been sworn and impanneled in this cause and a specialverdict had been found, or these facts had appeared and been statedin an exception taken to the opinion of the Court, and the Court’sdirection to the jury thereon.
deposit, or office of pay and receipt in any part of this State,it shall not be lawful for the said branch, office of discount anddeposit, or office of pay and receipt to issue notes, in anymanner, of any other denomination than five, ten, twenty, fifty,one hundred, five hundred and one thousand dollars, and no noteshall be issued except upon stamped paper of the followingdenominations; that is to say, every five dollar note shall be upona stamp of ten cents; every ten dollar note, upon a stamp of twentycents; every twenty dollar note, upon a stamp of thirty cents;every fifty dollar note, upon a stamp of fifty cents; every onehundred dollar note, upon a stamp of one dollar; every five hundreddollar note, upon a stamp of ten dollars; and every thousand dollarnote, upon a stamp of twenty dollars; which paper shall befurnished by the Treasurer of the Western Shore, under thedirection of the Governor and Council, to be paid for upondelivery; provided always that any institution of the abovedescription may relieve itself from the operation of the provisionsaforesaid by paying annually, in advance, to the Treasurer of theWestern Shore, for the use of State, the sum of $15,000.” https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PSC1DvlBlcn2Sh9hwOrU29L3MiFkQrcv/view
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